13. API - Output Devices¶
These output device component interfaces have been provided for simple use of everyday components. Components must be wired up correctly before use in code.
Note
All GPIO pin numbers use Broadcom (BCM) numbering. See the Basic Recipes page for more information.
13.1. LED¶
-
class
gpiozero.
LED
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
DigitalOutputDevice
and represents a light emitting diode (LED).Connect the cathode (short leg, flat side) of the LED to a ground pin; connect the anode (longer leg) to a limiting resistor; connect the other side of the limiting resistor to a GPIO pin (the limiting resistor can be placed either side of the LED).
The following example will light the LED:
from gpiozero import LED led = LED(17) led.on()
Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the LED is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- active_high (bool) – If
True
(the default), the LED will operate normally with the circuit described above. IfFalse
you should wire the cathode to the GPIO pin, and the anode to a 3V3 pin (via a limiting resistor). - initial_value (bool) – If
False
(the default), the LED will be off initially. IfNone
, the LED will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). IfTrue
, the LED will be switched on initially. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
blink
(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
off
()¶ Turns the device off.
-
on
()¶ Turns the device on.
-
toggle
()¶ Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
-
is_lit
¶ Returns
True
if the device is currently active andFalse
otherwise. This property is usually derived fromvalue
. Unlikevalue
, this is always a boolean.
13.2. PWMLED¶
-
class
gpiozero.
PWMLED
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=0, frequency=100, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
PWMOutputDevice
and represents a light emitting diode (LED) with variable brightness.A typical configuration of such a device is to connect a GPIO pin to the anode (long leg) of the LED, and the cathode (short leg) to ground, with an optional resistor to prevent the LED from burning out.
Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the LED is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- active_high (bool) – If
True
(the default), theon()
method will set the GPIO to HIGH. IfFalse
, theon()
method will set the GPIO to LOW (theoff()
method always does the opposite). - initial_value (float) – If
0
(the default), the LED will be off initially. Other values between 0 and 1 can be specified as an initial brightness for the LED. Note thatNone
cannot be specified (unlike the parent class) as there is no way to tell PWM not to alter the state of the pin. - frequency (int) – The frequency (in Hz) of pulses emitted to drive the LED. Defaults to 100Hz.
- pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
blink
(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, n=None, background=True)¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
- fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 0.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
off
()¶ Turns the device off.
-
on
()¶ Turns the device on.
-
pulse
(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, n=None, background=True)¶ Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters: - fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
- fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 1.
- n (int) – Number of times to pulse;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue pulsing and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the pulse is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
toggle
()¶ Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (
value
is 0.0), this changes it to “fully” on (value
is 1.0). If the device has a duty cycle (value
) of 0.1, this will toggle it to 0.9, and so on.
-
pin
¶ The
Pin
that the device is connected to. This will beNone
if the device has been closed (see theclose()
method). When dealing with GPIO pins, querypin.number
to discover the GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to.
-
value
¶ The duty cycle of the PWM device. 0.0 is off, 1.0 is fully on. Values in between may be specified for varying levels of power in the device.
13.3. RGBLED¶
-
class
gpiozero.
RGBLED
(red, green, blue, *, active_high=True, initial_value=(0, 0, 0), pwm=True, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
Device
and represents a full color LED component (composed of red, green, and blue LEDs).Connect the common cathode (longest leg) to a ground pin; connect each of the other legs (representing the red, green, and blue anodes) to any GPIO pins. You can either use three limiting resistors (one per anode) or a single limiting resistor on the cathode.
The following code will make the LED purple:
from gpiozero import RGBLED led = RGBLED(2, 3, 4) led.color = (1, 0, 1)
Parameters: - red (int) – The GPIO pin that controls the red component of the RGB LED.
- green (int) – The GPIO pin that controls the green component of the RGB LED.
- blue (int) – The GPIO pin that controls the blue component of the RGB LED.
- active_high (bool) – Set to
True
(the default) for common cathode RGB LEDs. If you are using a common anode RGB LED, set this toFalse
. - initial_value (tuple) – The initial color for the RGB LED. Defaults to black
(0, 0, 0)
. - pwm (bool) – If
True
(the default), constructPWMLED
instances for each component of the RGBLED. IfFalse
, construct regularLED
instances, which prevents smooth color graduations. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
blink
(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, on_color=(1, 1, 1), off_color=(0, 0, 0), n=None, background=True)[source]¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0. Must be 0 if
pwm
wasFalse
when the class was constructed (ValueError
will be raised if not). - fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 0. Must be 0 if
pwm
wasFalse
when the class was constructed (ValueError
will be raised if not). - on_color (tuple) – The color to use when the LED is “on”. Defaults to white.
- off_color (tuple) – The color to use when the LED is “off”. Defaults to black.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
pulse
(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, on_color=(1, 1, 1), off_color=(0, 0, 0), n=None, background=True)[source]¶ Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters: - fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
- fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 1.
- on_color (tuple) – The color to use when the LED is “on”. Defaults to white.
- off_color (tuple) – The color to use when the LED is “off”. Defaults to black.
- n (int) – Number of times to pulse;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue pulsing and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the pulse is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
toggle
()[source]¶ Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (
value
is(0, 0, 0)
), this changes it to “fully” on (value
is(1, 1, 1)
). If the device has a specific color, this method inverts the color.
-
color
¶ Represents the color of the LED as an RGB 3-tuple of
(red, green, blue)
where each value is between 0 and 1 ifpwm
wasTrue
when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).For example, purple would be
(1, 0, 1)
and yellow would be(1, 1, 0)
, while orange would be(1, 0.5, 0)
.
-
is_lit
¶ Returns
True
if the LED is currently active (not black) andFalse
otherwise.
13.4. Buzzer¶
-
class
gpiozero.
Buzzer
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
DigitalOutputDevice
and represents a digital buzzer component.Connect the cathode (negative pin) of the buzzer to a ground pin; connect the other side to any GPIO pin.
The following example will sound the buzzer:
from gpiozero import Buzzer bz = Buzzer(3) bz.on()
Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the buzzer is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- active_high (bool) – If
True
(the default), the buzzer will operate normally with the circuit described above. IfFalse
you should wire the cathode to the GPIO pin, and the anode to a 3V3 pin. - initial_value (bool) – If
False
(the default), the buzzer will be silent initially. IfNone
, the buzzer will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). IfTrue
, the buzzer will be switched on initially. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
beep
(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
off
()¶ Turns the device off.
-
on
()¶ Turns the device on.
-
toggle
()¶ Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
-
is_active
¶ Returns
True
if the device is currently active andFalse
otherwise. This property is usually derived fromvalue
. Unlikevalue
, this is always a boolean.
13.5. Motor¶
-
class
gpiozero.
Motor
(forward, backward, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
CompositeDevice
and represents a generic motor connected to a bi-directional motor driver circuit (i.e. an H-bridge).Attach an H-bridge motor controller to your Pi; connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V pin) to the controller; connect the outputs of the controller board to the two terminals of the motor; connect the inputs of the controller board to two GPIO pins.
The following code will make the motor turn “forwards”:
from gpiozero import Motor motor = Motor(17, 18) motor.forward()
Parameters: - forward (int) – The GPIO pin that the forward input of the motor driver chip is connected to.
- backward (int) – The GPIO pin that the backward input of the motor driver chip is connected to.
- pwm (bool) – If
True
(the default), constructPWMOutputDevice
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed control. IfFalse
, constructDigitalOutputDevice
instances, allowing only direction control. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
backward
(speed=1)[source]¶ Drive the motor backwards.
Parameters: speed (float) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed) if pwm
wasTrue
when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).
-
forward
(speed=1)[source]¶ Drive the motor forwards.
Parameters: speed (float) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed) if pwm
wasTrue
when the class was constructed (and only 0 or 1 if not).
13.6. PhaseEnableMotor¶
-
class
gpiozero.
PhaseEnableMotor
(phase, enable, *, pwm=True, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
CompositeDevice
and represents a generic motor connected to a Phase/Enable motor driver circuit; the phase of the driver controls whether the motor turns forwards or backwards, while enable controls the speed with PWM.The following code will make the motor turn “forwards”:
from gpiozero import PhaseEnableMotor motor = PhaseEnableMotor(12, 5) motor.forward()
Parameters: - phase (int) – The GPIO pin that the phase (direction) input of the motor driver chip is connected to.
- enable (int) – The GPIO pin that the enable (speed) input of the motor driver chip is connected to.
- pwm (bool) – If
True
(the default), constructPWMOutputDevice
instances for the motor controller pins, allowing both direction and variable speed control. IfFalse
, constructDigitalOutputDevice
instances, allowing only direction control. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
backward
(speed=1)[source]¶ Drive the motor backwards.
Parameters: speed (float) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed).
-
forward
(speed=1)[source]¶ Drive the motor forwards.
Parameters: speed (float) – The speed at which the motor should turn. Can be any value between 0 (stopped) and the default 1 (maximum speed).
13.7. Servo¶
-
class
gpiozero.
Servo
(pin, *, initial_value=0, min_pulse_width=1/1000, max_pulse_width=2/1000, frame_width=20/1000, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
CompositeDevice
and represents a PWM-controlled servo motor connected to a GPIO pin.Connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V pin) to the power cable of the servo (this is typically colored red); connect the ground cable of the servo (typically colored black or brown) to the negative of your battery pack, or a GND pin; connect the final cable (typically colored white or orange) to the GPIO pin you wish to use for controlling the servo.
The following code will make the servo move between its minimum, maximum, and mid-point positions with a pause between each:
from gpiozero import Servo from time import sleep servo = Servo(17) while True: servo.min() sleep(1) servo.mid() sleep(1) servo.max() sleep(1)
Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the device is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- initial_value (float) – If
0
(the default), the device’s mid-point will be set initially. Other values between -1 and +1 can be specified as an initial position.None
means to start the servo un-controlled (seevalue
). - min_pulse_width (float) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s minimum position. This defaults to 1ms.
- max_pulse_width (float) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s maximum position. This defaults to 2ms.
- frame_width (float) – The length of time between servo control pulses measured in seconds. This defaults to 20ms which is a common value for servos.
- pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
detach
()[source]¶ Temporarily disable control of the servo. This is equivalent to setting
value
toNone
.
-
frame_width
¶ The time between control pulses, measured in seconds.
-
max_pulse_width
¶ The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s maximum position, measured in seconds.
-
min_pulse_width
¶ The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s minimum position, measured in seconds.
-
pulse_width
¶ Returns the current pulse width controlling the servo.
-
source_delay
¶ The delay (measured in seconds) in the loop used to read values from
source
. Defaults to 0.01 seconds which is generally sufficient to keep CPU usage to a minimum while providing adequate responsiveness.
-
value
¶ Represents the position of the servo as a value between -1 (the minimum position) and +1 (the maximum position). This can also be the special value
None
indicating that the servo is currently “uncontrolled”, i.e. that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position remains unchanged, but that it can be moved by hand.
-
values
¶ An infinite iterator of values read from value.
13.8. AngularServo¶
-
class
gpiozero.
AngularServo
(pin, *, initial_angle=0, min_angle=-90, max_angle=90, min_pulse_width=1/1000, max_pulse_width=2/1000, frame_width=20/1000, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Extends
Servo
and represents a rotational PWM-controlled servo motor which can be set to particular angles (assuming valid minimum and maximum angles are provided to the constructor).Connect a power source (e.g. a battery pack or the 5V pin) to the power cable of the servo (this is typically colored red); connect the ground cable of the servo (typically colored black or brown) to the negative of your battery pack, or a GND pin; connect the final cable (typically colored white or orange) to the GPIO pin you wish to use for controlling the servo.
Next, calibrate the angles that the servo can rotate to. In an interactive Python session, construct a
Servo
instance. The servo should move to its mid-point by default. Set the servo to its minimum value, and measure the angle from the mid-point. Set the servo to its maximum value, and again measure the angle:>>> from gpiozero import Servo >>> s = Servo(17) >>> s.min() # measure the angle >>> s.max() # measure the angle
You should now be able to construct an
AngularServo
instance with the correct bounds:>>> from gpiozero import AngularServo >>> s = AngularServo(17, min_angle=-42, max_angle=44) >>> s.angle = 0.0 >>> s.angle 0.0 >>> s.angle = 15 >>> s.angle 15.0
Note
You can set min_angle greater than max_angle if you wish to reverse the sense of the angles (e.g.
min_angle=45, max_angle=-45
). This can be useful with servos that rotate in the opposite direction to your expectations of minimum and maximum.Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the device is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- initial_angle (float) – Sets the servo’s initial angle to the specified value. The default is
0. The value specified must be between min_angle and max_angle
inclusive.
None
means to start the servo un-controlled (seevalue
). - min_angle (float) – Sets the minimum angle that the servo can rotate to. This defaults to -90, but should be set to whatever you measure from your servo during calibration.
- max_angle (float) – Sets the maximum angle that the servo can rotate to. This defaults to 90, but should be set to whatever you measure from your servo during calibration.
- min_pulse_width (float) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s minimum position. This defaults to 1ms.
- max_pulse_width (float) – The pulse width corresponding to the servo’s maximum position. This defaults to 2ms.
- frame_width (float) – The length of time between servo control pulses measured in seconds. This defaults to 20ms which is a common value for servos.
- pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
max
()¶ Set the servo to its maximum position.
-
mid
()¶ Set the servo to its mid-point position.
-
min
()¶ Set the servo to its minimum position.
-
angle
¶ The position of the servo as an angle measured in degrees. This will only be accurate if min_angle and max_angle have been set appropriately in the constructor.
This can also be the special value
None
indicating that the servo is currently “uncontrolled”, i.e. that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position remains unchanged, but that it can be moved by hand.
-
frame_width
¶ The time between control pulses, measured in seconds.
-
max_pulse_width
¶ The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s maximum position, measured in seconds.
-
min_pulse_width
¶ The control pulse width corresponding to the servo’s minimum position, measured in seconds.
-
pulse_width
¶ Returns the current pulse width controlling the servo.
-
source_delay
¶ The delay (measured in seconds) in the loop used to read values from
source
. Defaults to 0.01 seconds which is generally sufficient to keep CPU usage to a minimum while providing adequate responsiveness.
-
value
¶ Represents the position of the servo as a value between -1 (the minimum position) and +1 (the maximum position). This can also be the special value
None
indicating that the servo is currently “uncontrolled”, i.e. that no control signal is being sent. Typically this means the servo’s position remains unchanged, but that it can be moved by hand.
-
values
¶ An infinite iterator of values read from value.
13.9. Base Classes¶
The classes in the sections above are derived from a series of base classes, some of which are effectively abstract. The classes form the (partial) hierarchy displayed in the graph below (abstract classes are shaded lighter than concrete classes):
The following sections document these base classes for advanced users that wish to construct classes for their own devices.
13.10. DigitalOutputDevice¶
-
class
gpiozero.
DigitalOutputDevice
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Represents a generic output device with typical on/off behaviour.
This class extends
OutputDevice
with ablink()
method which uses an optional background thread to handle toggling the device state without further interaction.-
blink
(on_time=1, off_time=1, n=None, background=True)[source]¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
close
()[source]¶ Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import * >>> bz = Buzzer(16) >>> bz.on() >>> bz.off() >>> bz.close() >>> led = LED(16) >>> led.blink()
Device
descendents can also be used as context managers using thewith
statement. For example:>>> from gpiozero import * >>> with Buzzer(16) as bz: ... bz.on() ... >>> with LED(16) as led: ... led.on() ...
-
13.11. PWMOutputDevice¶
-
class
gpiozero.
PWMOutputDevice
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=0, frequency=100, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Generic output device configured for pulse-width modulation (PWM).
Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin which the device is attached to. See Pin Numbering for valid pin numbers.
- active_high (bool) – If
True
(the default), theon()
method will set the GPIO to HIGH. IfFalse
, theon()
method will set the GPIO to LOW (theoff()
method always does the opposite). - initial_value (float) – If
0
(the default), the device’s duty cycle will be 0 initially. Other values between 0 and 1 can be specified as an initial duty cycle. Note thatNone
cannot be specified (unlike the parent class) as there is no way to tell PWM not to alter the state of the pin. - frequency (int) – The frequency (in Hz) of pulses emitted to drive the device. Defaults to 100Hz.
- pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
blink
(on_time=1, off_time=1, fade_in_time=0, fade_out_time=0, n=None, background=True)[source]¶ Make the device turn on and off repeatedly.
Parameters: - on_time (float) – Number of seconds on. Defaults to 1 second.
- off_time (float) – Number of seconds off. Defaults to 1 second.
- fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 0.
- fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 0.
- n (int) – Number of times to blink;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue blinking and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the blink is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
close
()[source]¶ Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import * >>> bz = Buzzer(16) >>> bz.on() >>> bz.off() >>> bz.close() >>> led = LED(16) >>> led.blink()
Device
descendents can also be used as context managers using thewith
statement. For example:>>> from gpiozero import * >>> with Buzzer(16) as bz: ... bz.on() ... >>> with LED(16) as led: ... led.on() ...
-
pulse
(fade_in_time=1, fade_out_time=1, n=None, background=True)[source]¶ Make the device fade in and out repeatedly.
Parameters: - fade_in_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading in. Defaults to 1.
- fade_out_time (float) – Number of seconds to spend fading out. Defaults to 1.
- n (int) – Number of times to pulse;
None
(the default) means forever. - background (bool) – If
True
(the default), start a background thread to continue pulsing and return immediately. IfFalse
, only return when the pulse is finished (warning: the default value of n will result in this method never returning).
-
toggle
()[source]¶ Toggle the state of the device. If the device is currently off (
value
is 0.0), this changes it to “fully” on (value
is 1.0). If the device has a duty cycle (value
) of 0.1, this will toggle it to 0.9, and so on.
-
frequency
¶ The frequency of the pulses used with the PWM device, in Hz. The default is 100Hz.
-
value
¶ The duty cycle of the PWM device. 0.0 is off, 1.0 is fully on. Values in between may be specified for varying levels of power in the device.
13.12. OutputDevice¶
-
class
gpiozero.
OutputDevice
(pin, *, active_high=True, initial_value=False, pin_factory=None)[source]¶ Represents a generic GPIO output device.
This class extends
GPIODevice
to add facilities common to GPIO output devices: anon()
method to switch the device on, a correspondingoff()
method, and atoggle()
method.Parameters: - pin (int) – The GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to. If
this is
None
aGPIOPinMissing
will be raised. - active_high (bool) – If
True
(the default), theon()
method will set the GPIO to HIGH. IfFalse
, theon()
method will set the GPIO to LOW (theoff()
method always does the opposite). - initial_value (bool) – If
False
(the default), the device will be off initially. IfNone
, the device will be left in whatever state the pin is found in when configured for output (warning: this can be on). IfTrue
, the device will be switched on initially. - pin_factory (Factory) – See API - Pins for more information (this is an advanced feature which most users can ignore).
-
toggle
()[source]¶ Reverse the state of the device. If it’s on, turn it off; if it’s off, turn it on.
-
active_high
¶ When
True
, thevalue
property isTrue
when the device’spin
is high. WhenFalse
thevalue
property isTrue
when the device’s pin is low (i.e. the value is inverted).This property can be set after construction; be warned that changing it will invert
value
(i.e. changing this property doesn’t change the device’s pin state - it just changes how that state is interpreted).
-
value
¶ Returns
True
if the device is currently active andFalse
otherwise. Setting this property changes the state of the device.
- pin (int) – The GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to. If
this is
13.13. GPIODevice¶
-
class
gpiozero.
GPIODevice
(pin, *, pin_factory=None)[source] Extends
Device
. Represents a generic GPIO device and provides the services common to all single-pin GPIO devices (like ensuring two GPIO devices do no share apin
).Parameters: pin (int) – The GPIO pin (in BCM numbering) that the device is connected to. If this is None
,GPIOPinMissing
will be raised. If the pin is already in use by another device,GPIOPinInUse
will be raised.-
close
()[source] Shut down the device and release all associated resources. This method can be called on an already closed device without raising an exception.
This method is primarily intended for interactive use at the command line. It disables the device and releases its pin(s) for use by another device.
You can attempt to do this simply by deleting an object, but unless you’ve cleaned up all references to the object this may not work (even if you’ve cleaned up all references, there’s still no guarantee the garbage collector will actually delete the object at that point). By contrast, the close method provides a means of ensuring that the object is shut down.
For example, if you have a breadboard with a buzzer connected to pin 16, but then wish to attach an LED instead:
>>> from gpiozero import * >>> bz = Buzzer(16) >>> bz.on() >>> bz.off() >>> bz.close() >>> led = LED(16) >>> led.blink()
Device
descendents can also be used as context managers using thewith
statement. For example:>>> from gpiozero import * >>> with Buzzer(16) as bz: ... bz.on() ... >>> with LED(16) as led: ... led.on() ...
-